Belgeo, 3 | 2001

نویسندگان

  • Gunnar L.H. Svendsen
  • Gert Tinggaard Svendsen
چکیده

Why do we find entrepreneurship within larger groups? This question has challenged the socialsciences since Olson (1965) showed that it does not pay an individual to provide collective goodsvoluntarily, if the individual economic gain from doing this is negative. However, the fact thatlarger groups actually do organize in local areas cannot be explained in strict economic terms. Inan attempt to fill this gap in literature, we offer another solution, namely the presence of socialincentives called “social capital”. Social capital is derived from regular face-to-face, co-operativerelations among larger groups in local areas. Such relations, we argue, are initiated by writingdown formal “rules of the game”, which are sanctioned effectively. This suggestion seems to beconfirmed by empirical evidence from rural Denmark 1800-1900. During this period, writtenrules in the form of the formal founding statutes of co-operative associations enhanced informalpeasant co-operation and stocks of beneficial social capital of an inclusive nature. As an outcomeof this process, entrepreneurs voluntarily organized larger groups which provided collectivegoods locally, thus contributing to economic growth in former poor, rural areas. Pourquoi l’entrepreneuriat est-il présent au sein de groupes assez importants? Cette question aposé problème aux sciences sociales depuis qu’Olson a montré, en 1965, qu’un individu n’a aucunintérêt à fournir des biens collectifs volontairement, si le bénéfice économique individuel qu’il enretire est négatif. Toutefois, le fait que des grands groupes s’organisent localement ne peuts’expliquer au sens strictement économique. Dans un effort pour combler cette lacune, nousoffrons une autre solution, qui est l’existence d’incitants sociaux appelés “capital social”. Lecapital social provient d’un face-à-face régulier et de relations de coopération parmi des groupesassez larges à l’échelle locale. Nous soutenons que de telles relations se forment en consignantpar écrit des “règles du jeu” formelles, qui sont effectivement sanctionnées. Notre suggestionsemble confirmée par la preuve empirique que représente le Danemark rural de 1800-1900. Aucours de cette période, les règles écrites sous forme de statuts fondateurs officiels descoopératives ont renforcé la coopération paysanne informelle et les réserves en capital socialpositif, de nature inclusive. Par conséquent, les entrepreneurs ont organisé de façon délibéréedes groupes assez importants, qui ont fourni des biens collectifs localement, et ont ainsicontribué à la croissance économique dans des zones rurales auparavant défavorisées.

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تاریخ انتشار 2016